Evidence Accumulation in Synaptic Efficacy: Activity-Silent Decision-Making with Short-Term Plasticity

Decision-making requires accumulation of evidence over time, yet exactly how neural circuits implement this computation remains debated. Classical models posit that evidence accumulation is realized by ramping neural activity, whereas recent experimental findings suggest an alternative mechanism in which neural activity remains largely silent before abruptly transitioning into an active decision state. This mechanism leaves a fundamental question unanswered: how is evidence accumulated during the neural activity-silent period? To address this question, we trained excitatory–inhibitory recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) on a reaction-time decision task. We found that after training, the networks learned to leverage STP to make decisions in an activity-silent manner. Choice-tuning analysis revealed a clear functional organization of the network, and connection-pruning analysis uncovered the coupling between choice-selective excitatory and inhibitory neural groups. Guided by the architecture of trained RNNs, we constructed a minimal neural circuit model, in which evidence accumulates in facilitated synaptic efficacy that progressively reshapes the circuit's phase portrait, eventually driving the network state across the stability boundary and triggering a rapid transition to a choice state. We further compared activity before a choice between the theoretical STP and Static models to examine the potential energy benefit of activity-silent decision-making. Together, our results suggest STP as a mechanism for evidence accumulation in activity-silent decision-making and offer insights into the design of energy-efficient artificial neural networks.