Harness as a Language: A Minimalist Agent Framework With Maximal Expressivity

Modern language-model agents are built around the *agent loop*, where the LLM is placed in an environment exposing a set of tools, and the LLM has full control over the workflow by alternating between tool calls and observing their output. However, certain workflows currently require additional engineering beyond the agent loop itself, such as memory systems and self-improving systems. We built an LLM agent framework, JAZ, to explore the extent to which a minimal harness that is little more than the agent loop itself can accomplish tasks these specialized systems are built for. JAZ exposes a single LLM-based primitive `invoke` and provides a set of built-in hooks that allow the programmer to apply constraints and monitoring. Generalizing existing code-mode agent loops, `invoke` is the simplest loop that satisfies two defining properties: (1) the LLM can write arbitrary executable code that can include recursive `invoke`; (2) everything visible to the LLM — all inputs to `invoke` as well as its interaction history with the code environment — are variables in the code environment. We motivate our design from first principles, viewing `invoke` as a language primitive representing a function whose implementation is provided at runtime by an LLM every time it is called. To validate the design of our core `invoke` primitive, we evaluate `invoke` — with only prompting, no manually designed tools, harness, or external systems (e.g., memory or the file system) — on workflows traditionally implemented through specialized external harnesses. On long-horizon workflows requiring recall beyond the context window, JAZ `invoke` outperforms Letta (MemGPT) by 8% at half its cost on the recall-heavy portion of StuLife. On continual self-improvement, JAZ `invoke` outperforms ACE by 4% at a lower cost on AppWorld.