When Non-Adversarial Noise Hurts Learning: Benchmarking Skill Self-Evolution in Agents

Large language model agents increasingly improve by distilling experience into reusable skills, but errors in that experience can persist in learned rules and affect later tasks. Existing evaluations largely examine clean learning or perturbations encountered after skills are frozen, leaving robustness during self-evolution insufficiently understood. We introduce RSE-Bench, to our knowledge the first benchmark for evaluating skill self-evolution under ordinary, non-adversarial noise. It spans four domains and six benchmarks, with controlled perturbations to instructions, environmental evidence, execution records, and outcome–record pairings that preserve the underlying tasks and native scoring rules. The protocol separates noise during learning from input-side noise at evaluation, testing frozen skill stores on held-out tasks. We also introduce RSEClaw, a method-agnostic framework supporting consistent noise injection and process diagnostics of actual exposure and skill updates. Across three methods and two backbones, noisy learning retains only $25.5\%$–$42.1\%$ of the aggregate gain achieved by clean self-evolution, depending on the noise type. Perturbations confined to execution records and outcome–record pairings cause average losses comparable to input-side noise, despite leaving the original executions and evaluations intact. Diagnostics further identify differences in candidate skill text that coexist with small changes in mean held-out performance.