GeoLatent: Geometry-Guided Latent Structuring with Routed Optimization for 3D Reasoning

Despite progress in vision-language models, 3D spatial reasoning from 2D images remains challenging. Text-based methods describe intermediate geometry with discrete tokens, limiting fidelity for continuous spatial relations. Continuous latents offer richer representations, but a single latent type does not explicitly separate the cues needed across spatial tasks. Decomposed spatial latents address this by representing position, direction, and global geometry separately under geometric supervision. Yet the geometry representation can still collapse toward one dominant direction, and unrestricted attention can leave the latents underused during answer learning. We introduce GeoLatent, combining Common–Residual Geometry Alignment (CR-GEO) with routed optimization to structure the geometry states while promoting latent-mediated answer learning. CR-GEO separates shared from residual teacher geometry; routed optimization jointly trains geometry and language, temporarily directs visual answer learning through the latents, and restores full attention with geometry supervision. In controlled comparisons, CR-GEO raises geometry effective rank from 1.00 to 3.87, while blocking latent readout at the bottleneck lowers direction accuracy from 89.1% to 25.8% on 128 fixed questions. After recovery, the differentiated geometry representation and latent-mediated visual route remain available alongside direct image access. GeoLatent achieves 73.0% on SPAR-Bench and 72.1% on SPBench, outperforming previously reported methods on both.