P${}^3$-VLM: A Point-based Alternative for Grounded 3D Vision-Language Models

Examining existing benchmarks for grounding in 3D VLMs reveals a pervasive "semantic leakage" in the evaluation and prompting protocols: a heavy reliance on bounding boxes as spatial prompts or representation primitives. Because bounding boxes are highly informative of object categories, they introduce a shortcut for the models to neglect visual information during 3D VLM training. We demonstrate this with a "blind" LLM that, prompted only with the box coordinates, can perform surprisingly well. To further analyze this shortcut, we propose point-based grounding prompting - querying models with a single 3D point instead of a box. Under this protocol, the accuracy of the blind LLM drops from $\text{36.4}$% to $\text{18.0}$% on ScanNet's Nr3D, and similarly degrades for 3D VLMs (e.g. LL3DA). Building on this insight, we introduce $P^3$-VLM, a novel tri-pathway 3D VLM that supports point-based prompts and achieves $\text{52.1}$% state-of-the-art accuracy on location-grounded captioning under this setting. To achieve this, we redesign the architecture while keeping it detector-free, scene-centric, and suitable for 3D GS inputs. $P^3$-VLM utilizes three complementary pathways (location-, task-, and context-aware), enabling strong reasoning about scenes without any bounding box dependencies. The key benefit of point-based learning is a consistent improvement across settings: $P^3$-VLM achieves state-of-the-art performance under point-based grounding while also improving robustness, OOD generalization, and performance on ungrounded scene-centric 3D VQA benchmarks, reflecting its reduced reliance on bounding-box shortcuts and resulting stronger visual-spatial reasoning. Our source code and models will be made publicly available.