Beyond Node Sequences: Relational Diffusion for Unified Graph Learning

Graph foundation models have emerged as a promising paradigm for generalizing across diverse structural tasks. Current approaches serialize graphs into node token sequences and apply autoregressive or masked prediction, yet this node sequential modeling disrupts the relation-centric nature of graphs and violates permutation equivariance. We propose relational diffusion , a framework that reconceptualizes graph modeling through edge co-occurrence modeling. By treating edges as fundamental modeling units and learning their joint distribution via discrete diffusion processes, our approach naturally respects the relational semantics of graphs while maintaining permutation equivariance. We introduce topological edge tokenization to enrich edge representations with multi-hop structural context, and relational prompt completion to unify node classification, link prediction, and graph classification as sequence completion problems over edge representations. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that relational diffusion achieves strong performance while providing a principled foundation aligned with the relational nature of graphs.