ReTTT: Reflection-Driven Test-Time Training via Experience-Based Parametric Memory

LLM agents accumulate valuable task-specific information through their actions, observations, and environmental feedback during multi-turn task execution. When effectively used, this information can help agents refine subsequent decisions and improve task performance. However, the learning value of an interaction depends on its context and subsequent feedback, making it challenging to extract reliable, actionable lessons and revise them as the task unfolds. In this paper, we introduce ReTTT, which enables experience-driven self-adaptation through test-time training on lessons constructed and continually revised within an episode. ReTTT lets the agent reflect on interaction feedback, maintain the resulting lessons in an explicit memory, and learn from them by updating an episode-local LoRA adapter while keeping the backbone frozen. The adapted model then performs both subsequent actions and reflection, coupling policy adaptation with the construction of future learning experience. We evaluate ReTTT on ALFWorld, ScienceWorld, and SWE-bench Lite using two model families. ReTTT outperforms trajectory-based test-time training across all six model–benchmark settings, improving task success by up to 12.14 percentage points. A frozen-reflection comparison further shows a 7.14-point benefit from adapting the reflection policy, while trajectory analysis illustrates how adapted reflection derives more task-specific guidance from failed attempts. These findings suggest that learning to reflect on its own behavior can boost agents' performance on long-horizon tasks.