AdamPM: Memory-Efficient LLM Optimization via Moment Pooling

Adam is widely used for training large language models (LLMs) owing to its strong optimization performance and training stability, but its element-wise estimation for first and second moments incur substantial memory overhead. Although numerous memory-efficient optimizers have been proposed, many incur additional computational overhead or require extra tuning in hyperparameters. Consequently, Adam remains a dominant and reliable choice for LLM pre-training. We propose AdamPM (Adam with Pooled Moments), a simple and memory-efficient variant of Adam that groups adjacent moment entries along the row or column dimension and represents each group by a single shared mean. AdamPM can well inherit Adam's hyperparameter settings and is readily integrated into existing Adam optimizer implementations, with less memory overhead. We systematically investigate pooling of both first and second moment estimates and identify second moment pooling as the effective design. With a group size of $s$, AdamPM reduces second moment memory to $1/s$ of the original requirement. Extensive experiments on language model pretraining, fine-tuning and multimodal learning demonstrate that AdamPM maintains model performance and training speed while substantially reducing optimizer-state memory.