CUA-Recovery: Benchmarking Error Recovery in Long-Horizon Computer-Use Agents

As computer-use agents (CUAs) move to long-horizon workflows spanning multiple applications, undetected errors can silently corrupt persistent state and cause cascading failures in subsequent actions. Reliable error detection and recovery have therefore become critical bottlenecks for building robust CUAs. However, existing benchmarks focus primarily on end-to-end task performance, providing limited insight into whether agents can detect and recover from errors during execution. The few benchmarks that evaluate recovery rely largely on manually injected errors, which may not reflect the types or horizons of failures induced by real agent policies. This mismatch limits both realistic evaluation and systematic progress. In this paper, we introduce CUA-Recovery, a benchmark comprising test and training suites across multiple desktop applications. We construct the benchmark using ReRail, a framework for synthesizing long-horizon tasks and trajectories in a persistent desktop environment. ReRail composes MyPCBench tasks into new long-horizon workflows with executable ground truth, collects verifier-confirmed failures from multiple policies, and turns them into verified recovery trajectories. ReRail yields CUA-Recovery, which comprises a human-verified test suite of 2,250 erroneous states over 100 tasks and a training suite of 8.6K trajectories over 377 tasks. Evaluation on the test suite shows that agents struggle both to recognize inherited errors and to complete the task. Across six agents and six takeover depths, Error Awareness Rate (EAR) reaches at most 44.0% and Pass@3 at most 25.5%. After fine-tuning Qwen3.5-35B-A3B on the training suite, its average EAR rises from 19.9% to 35.2% on held-out recovery states, and its Rubric Score goes from 5.0% to 16.1%. It also gains 15.3 points on MyPCBench and 10.8 points on Odysseys for Pass@3, showing that the training trajectories help both with recovery and with completing tasks from a clean start.