LDBody: Benchmarking Human Pose and Mesh Recovery with Residual Limb and Prostheses

Human pose and mesh benchmarks largely assume limb-complete bodies. This leaves residual anatomy, prosthesis-supported motion, and variation in body pro- portions insufficiently evaluated. We introduce LDBODY, a dataset for pose and 3D human mesh evaluation. To our knowledge, it is the first dataset to provide cali- brated human body mesh evaluation with separate references for residual anatomy and prosthesis-supported function. Its annotation framework distinguishes body joints, residual-limb endpoints, and prosthesis-supported landmarks. Multiple internationally accredited Para Athletics classifiers guide the annotation protocol. The dataset contains an in-the-wild image component, LDBODY Images, and a calibrated motion component, LDBODY Motion, with shared landmark definitions. The image component covers upper- and lower-limb differences and varied body proportions, activities, scenes, clothing, and viewpoints. It adds prosthesis annota- tions to 8,866 LDPose images while retaining existing body-joint and residual-limb labels. The motion component captures real movements with eight synchronized RGB cameras and Vicon. It covers multiple prosthesis types and conditions with and without prostheses. The recordings provide 1,088 view-specific videos and 963,104 RGB frames. Vicon-derived keypoints and Vicon-constrained fitted body meshes support separate evaluation of residual anatomy and prosthesis-supported function. We benchmark 2D pose, multi-view 3D pose, residual-limb localization, and human mesh recovery. Additional analyses examine movement, viewpoint, and prosthesis conditions. Results on the evaluated limb-deficiency cases reveal persistent errors at residual endpoints and affected distal joints. Similar joint errors can also coexist with large differences in fitted-surface agreement. LDBODY sup- ports research on accessible motion analysis, assistive technologies, and inclusive sport by making diverse bodies explicit evaluation targets.