CyberBinGym: Can AI Agents Turn Binary Patches into Real Exploits?

Security fixes usually reach users as compiled updates, but deployment delays leave unpatched systems exposed. During this window, comparing patched and unpatched binaries can reveal how to exploit a vulnerability, turning a defensive update into actionable information for attackers. Existing benchmarks do not measure this capability: they expose source code, rely on human-crafted challenges, or evaluate binary comprehension without requiring exploitation. We introduce CyberBinGym, a benchmark containing 100 tasks derived from real vulnerabilities in 53 widely used projects, spanning six vulnerability families and three levels of analysis complexity. Agents receive stripped vulnerable and patched binaries without source code or vulnerability information, and must combine static and dynamic analysis to recover and exploit the vulnerability. Evaluation separately measures vulnerability recovery through differential crash testing and end-to-end exploitation through flag retrieval, with trajectory audits to reject reward hacking. The strongest evaluated agent recovers the target vulnerabilities for 88% of tasks and exploits for 22%. Providing the patched binary raises its exploit rate from 15% to 30% on a matched 20-task subset; with standard binary hardening enabled, it still exploits two of its 22 previously successful tasks. These results demonstrate that current agents can turn released binary patches into working exploits in a controlled setting, although exploitation remains unreliable. These capabilities lower the barriers to targeting unpatched software and compress defenders' effective response window, increasing the urgency of timely patch deployment.