A SINGLE-LOOP, CONSTANT-BATCH FIRST-ORDER PENALTY METHOD FOR STOCHASTIC BILEVEL OPTIMIZATION

Recent advances in penalty-based methods for stochastic bilevel optimization (SBO) have eliminated the need for second-order derivative oracles. However, for stochastic nonconvex–strongly convex bilevel problems, existing first-order methods typically rely on nested loops and/or large batch sizes for attaining $O({ϵ}^{-6})$ or $O({ϵ}^{-4})$ sample complexity under standard bounded-variance assumption or mean-square smoothness assumption. Achieving these rates with a single-loop penalty method and a constant batch size remains challenging due to a large penalty value needed for an accurate approximation. To address this challenge, we develop a stochastic SIngle-loop COnstant-Batch first-order penalty method (SICO) that combines two complementary ingredients. First, it performs one stochastic-gradient update per-iteration for both the original lower-level and penalized problems, with a projection that controls the separation between their iterates. Second, it applies an exponential moving average to stabilize the upper-level gradient estimator. We show that this combination achieves $O({ϵ}^{-6})$ sample complexity using only $O(1)$ stochastic-gradient samples per iteration under unbiased, bounded-variance stochastic gradients. Under the additional mean-square smoothness assumption on the lower-level stochastic gradients, the same algorithm improves the complexity to $O({ϵ}^{-4})$ also with $O(1)$ batch size. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to match the best-known convergence rate for fully first-order SBO methods using a single loop and a constant batch size. This result addresses an open problem posed in the literature.