Prior-Data Fitted Networks for In-Context Off-Policy Evaluation

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) is essential for assessing decision policies before deployment when online experimentation is costly or unsafe. Accurate estimation remains difficult when behavior-policy data are limited and the target policy favors states and actions rarely observed in those data. We propose InCOPE, a prior-data fitted network that learns a shared policy-value prediction rule across synthetic OPE tasks. We construct an OPE task prior over Markov decision processes and behavior–target policy pairs, generating behavior-policy datasets and exact target-policy values for pretraining. For a new tabular decision problem, the pretrained network uses the behavior-policy dataset, target policy, and known task settings as context to predict the policy’s expected return without task-specific parameter updates. Experiments across four tabular domains, including a semi-synthetic clinical setting, demonstrate InCOPE's effectiveness for policy-value estimation.