WorldMind: Test-Time Scaling for Visual Spatial Reasoning through Latent World Simulation

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have continuous deficiency in spatial reasoning tasks that require mental spatial transformation, such as reasoning under hypothetical changes in viewpoint or position, known as perspective-taking tasks. Existing approaches either scale linguistic reasoning or augment VLMs with static geometric representations, but neither directly enables active transformation of the represented scene. World models offer this capability, yet existing systems typically communicate through synthesized RGB images, introducing a latent-to-pixel-to-latent bottleneck. We introduce WorldMind, a framework for test-time scaling of spatial reasoning through latent world simulation. Given a query and observation, the VLM selects useful spatial transformations, while a world model executes them and exposes aligned intermediate latent features directly to the VLM. The resulting latent evidence is incorporated into subsequent reasoning steps, enabling iterative spatial simulation without repeatedly decoding imagined states into pixels. To optimize this interaction, WorldMind further employs process-verifiable reinforcement learning that rewards reasoning progress only when the associated action and latent transition are valid. WorldMind thus scales spatial reasoning by allocating additional inference-time computation to active world simulation rather than generating more language or pixels. Across VSI-Bench, MMSI-Bench, and MindCube-Tiny, WorldMind achieves an average improvement of 16.0% over the base VLM and 8.3% over the strongest RGB-based world simulation.