PrefPI: Preference-Guided Steering into Out-of-Distribution Behaviors

We present PrefPI (Preference-Guided Policy Iteration), an iterative framework for steering pretrained generative robot policies using only relative preferences over self-generated trajectories. Unlike prior preference-learning methods that primarily sharpen modes already represented by the policy, we study steering beyond the initial effective support, where desired behaviors are rarely or never observed under the initial policy. Our key idea is to formulate preference learn- ing as preference-conditioned generative modeling: preferred trajectories define a conditional distribution, whose density ratio with the broader behavior prior pro- vides an implicit preference signal amplified by classifier-free guidance (CFG). Repeating this preference-conditioned modeling and guidance step yields a form of preference-guided policy iteration, turning incremental improvements toward previously inaccessible behaviors. Across diffusion policies and the PI0.5 flow- matching VLA in simulation and the real world, PrefPI produces substantial be- havioral shifts with limited feedback. In particular, PrefPI increases object trans- port height from 10.7 cm to 19.8 cm on real hardware with only 150 preference- labeled trajectories.