Learning to Forecast on Multiple Spatiotemporal Hierarchies

Hierarchical forecasting exploits aggregation structures that expose multiple views of the same underlying spatiotemporal forecasting problem, while ensuring coherence among forecasts. Individual series provide fine-grained information, while progressively coarser aggregates reveal temporal and spatial patterns at different scales. In the associated deep learning architectures, the hierarchy determines which aggregate series are available and how they are processed together with individual series (e.g., through reconciliation or message-passing operators). Different hierarchies thus provide distinct learning signals and inductive biases for forecasting the same collection of time series. Nonetheless, existing architectures are typically trained on a single, often fixed, structure. In this work, we propose a graph deep learning framework that leverages variations across hierarchies as multi-task regularization. We show that jointly learning across these structures can reduce over-specialization to any single hierarchy and improve forecasting performance. Indeed, training across hierarchies provides an inductive bias toward representations that are useful across different structures, and as such, generalize better. Making forecasts coherent with the aggregation constraints for each sampled hierarchy is computationally expensive: to complement the framework, we propose a novel operator—based on a top-down approach—that produces coherent forecasts with linear time and space complexity w.r.t. the hierarchy size. Experiments show that our approach improves forecasting accuracy over training on a single structure and is competitive with current state-of-the-art methods.