RoboAware: Learning to Coordinate Embodied Skills from Counterfactual Outcomes

Embodied coding agents can combine modular robot skills with frozen end-to-end policies, yet effective composition requires anticipating which policy family will succeed in the current physical state. We present **RoboAware**, which builds on coding agents' skill orchestration by learning only a state-conditioned responsibility coordinator from counterfactual outcomes. Inspired by the success of REPL, we propose the **P⁵** schema and formulate a hierarchical MDP based on it. P⁵ organizes skills uniformly into five semantic stages, defining where responsibility can be compared. To address the lack of counterfactual branch outcomes in existing work, we introduce **State-Locked Counterfactual Branching (SCB)**, which restores the same training state to generate and execute a code block from each admissible family, exposing outcomes that selected-branch experience leaves unobserved. Building on this, we propose **Execution-Aware Learning (EAL)**, which combines Monte Carlo tree search with Q-learning to distill these outcomes into family-conditioned values. At deployment, the coordinator selects the policy family according to observable context, and the frozen coding agent generates the next local code block. Comprehensive single-episode evaluations on 100 tasks show that RoboAware reaches a **77.0%** overall success rate, with SOTA averages of 90.0% on RoboSuite, 73.8% on diverse LIBERO-Pro task clusters, and 90.0% on challenging RoboTwin bimanual tasks, outperforming existing code-as-policy and VLA-harness baselines.