ShopMind: A Mental World Model for Personalized and Realistic E-commerce User Simulation

Large language models are widely used in e-commerce user simulation, providing a foundation for understanding users and predicting human decisions. However, existing simulators still struggle to achieve both personalization and behavioral realism. Most methods predict the next action directly from interaction histories and the current context, without accounting for the evolving mental world that underlies user behavior. Theory of Mind suggests that behavior is driven by mental states, including beliefs, uncertainties, and intentions. Users may interpret the same information in distinct ways, leading to divergent behaviors, while an individual’s mental state evolves through interaction and shapes subsequent actions. Ignoring this process prevents simulators from faithfully capturing individual differences and realistic behavior patterns, and undermines its effectiveness in downstream applications. To address this, we propose ShopMind, a Mental World Model for e-commerce user simulation that captures how consumers interpret shopping information and how their mental states evolve, better reflecting individual users and real-world behavior patterns. We further use behavior–mental state pairs synthesized by ShopMind to train a Mental State Reconstruction (MSR) model, which infers consumers’ latent mental states from observable behavior. Experiments show that ShopMind improves personalization by 18.0% and behavioral realism by 19.6% over the strongest alternatives. Moreover, MSR improves performance on consumption value measurement and CTR prediction, showing the utility of ShopMind for understanding and predicting real user behavior.