MechHypoBench: Evaluating Data-Driven Mechanistic Hypothesis Generation in AI Agents

Data-driven mechanistic hypotheses are essential to scientific discovery because they explain how underlying processes produce observed phenomena. AI agents and AI scientists increasingly support scientific data analysis. However, their ability to turn empirical findings into mechanistic hypotheses remains insufficiently examined. To address this gap, we introduce MechHypoBench, the first benchmark for evaluating whether AI agents and AI scientists can generate such hypotheses from empirical data. It combines paper-derived mechanisms from 14 scientific fields with real-world datasets containing 17.98 million records. The construction retains the observational complexity of empirical data while providing a specified underlying mechanism. Agents analyze the observations and propose open-form hypotheses. We develop an evaluation framework that assesses open-form mechanistic hypotheses through their consequence under withheld conditions. Experiments with general agents and AI scientists reveal a substantial gap between generated hypotheses and the underlying mechanisms. Our datasets and codes are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/ICLR-2027-benchmark-E1FB.